Evo Devo in the Study of Biology

Evo Devo in the Study of Biology Have you heard anyone ever talk about evo-devo? Does it sound like some sort of synthesizer-heavy band from the 1980s? It is actually a relatively new field in the realm of evolutionary biology that explains how species, that start out so similarly, become so diverse as they develop. Evo devo stands for evolutionary developmental biology and has just started being included in the Modern Synthesis of the Theory of Evolution within the past few decades. This field of study encompasses many different ideas and some scientists disagree on what all should be included. However, all who study evo devo agree that the foundation of the field is based on the gene level of inheritance which leads to microevolution. As an embryo develops, certain genes need to be activated in order for the traits carried on that gene to be expressed. Most of the time, there are biological clues for these genes to turn on based on the age of the embryo. Sometimes, environmental conditions can trigger the expression of the developmental genes as well. Not only do these triggers turn on the gene, they also direct the gene on how to be expressed. There are subtle differences between the arms of different animals that are determined by how the genes that carry the trait for limb development are expressed. The same gene that creates a human arm can also create a sparrows wing or a grasshoppers leg. They are not different genes, as previously thought by scientists. Evo Devo and the Theory of Evolution What does this mean for the Theory of Evolution? First and foremost, it lends credibility to the idea that all life on Earth came from a common ancestor. This common ancestor had the exact same genes we see today in all of our modern species. It is not the genes that have evolved over time. Instead, it is how and when (and if) those genes are expressed that has evolved. Also, it helps to give an explanation for how the beak shape of Darwins finches on the Galapagos Islands could have evolved. Natural Selection is the mechanism that chooses which of these ancient genes are expressed and ultimately how they are expressed. Over time, the differences in gene expression led to the great diversity and large numbers of different species we see in the world today. The theory of evo devo also explains why so few genes can create so many complex organisms. It turns out that the same genes are used over and over again but in different ways. The genes that are expressed to create arms in humans may also be used to create legs or even a human heart. Therefore, it is more important how the genes are expressed than how many genes are present. Developmental genes across species are the same and can be expressed in a nearly unlimited number of ways. Embryos of many different species are nearly indistinguishable from each other at the early stages before these developmental genes are turned on. Early embryos of all species have gills or gill pouches and similar overall shapes. It is crucial for these developmental genes to be activated correctly at the right time and at the right place. Scientists have been able to manipulate genes in fruit flies and other species to make limbs and other body parts grow in different places on the body. This proved these genes control many different parts of embryo development. The field of evo devo reaffirms the validity of using animals for medical research. An argument against animal research is the obvious difference in complexity and structure between humans and the research animals. However, with such similarities on a molecular and gene level, studying those animals can give insight into the human, and particularly the development and gene activation of humans.

House Quotations

House Quotations Buying a house? You must be plagued by a thousand questions and doubts. This could be one of the biggest decisions you have ever made in your life. So its no wonder that you want to get it right. But how do you trust your judgment? Read these house quotations. Some of the wisdom in these house quotations will teach you to trust your heart. Mother TeresaLove begins at home, and it is not how much we do but how much love we put in that action. Maya AngelouThe ache for home lives in all of us, the safe place where we can go as we are and not be questioned. Henry Ward BeecherHome should be an oratorio of the memory, singing to all our after life melodies and harmonies of old-remembered joy. Ashleigh BrilliantUnless you move, the place where you are is the place where you will always be. Madison Julius Cawein, Old HomesOld homes! old hearts! Upon my soul foreverTheir peace and gladness lie like tears and laughter. Sir WilliamMy house is to me as my castle, since the law has not the art to destroy it. Lord Edward CokeThe home to everyone is to him his castle and fortress, as well for his defense against injury and violence, as for his repose. Edward YoungThe first sure symptom of a mind in health is rest of heart, and pleasure felt at home. John Clarke, ParoemiologiaHome is home, though it be never so homely. Jerome K. JeromeI want a house that has got over all its troubles; I dont want to spend the rest of my life bringing up a young and inexperienced house. Le CorbusierA house is a machine for living in. Sarah Ban BreathnachBe grateful for the home you have, knowing that at this moment, all you have is all you need. Herman MelvilleLifes a voyage thats homeward bound. Edwin Hubbell ChapinThere is no happiness in life, there is no misery, like that growing out of the dispositions which consecrate or desecrate a home. Lois McMaster BujoldMy home is not a place, it is people. BibleNo outward doors of a mans house can, in general, be broken open to execute any civil process; though in criminal cases the public safety supersedes the private. Thomas CarlyleMy whinstone house my castle is, I have my own four walls. Helen RowlandHome is any four walls that enclose the right person. Channing PollockHome is the most popular and will be the most enduring of all earthly establishments. George MooreA man travels the world over in search of what he needs and returns home to find it. AristophanesA mans homeland is wherever he prospers. CiceroThere is no place more delightful than ones own fireside.

Real work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real work - Essay Example The ‘simple insight’ that Rodrigues has during his experience of working as a manual laborer is that he would not learn in three months what his father had meant by ‘real work’. He realized that his keenness to experience the sensations from the regular motion of shoveling, even when he was doing it for several hours at a stretch, was because he knew that this experience was only a temporary one for him. Rodrigues’ sweating chest and painful shoulder did not lessen his enjoyment of the work; and he was unwilling to learn from an older colleague who wished to show him a different manner of shoveling, to avoid making his back work too much. He realized that because he was not bound to the job, the sensations of exertion and fatigue were something to be savored, according to him. On the other hand, people like his own father and uncle who had done similar work at his age out of sheer necessity, would have feared fatigue because of its different toll on t heir bodies and minds. undertake for the purpose of making a small living. According to Rodrigues’ mother and father, ‘real work’ involves working with one’s hands at manual jobs. Their only purpose for doing such work for little pay, was to make ends meet, and to find a foothold in the foreign soil of America where they hoped to make a living. Thus, his parents would think of the author’s enjoyment in experiencing of the sensations of manual labour as far from the truth about ‘real work’. Rodrigues’ mother and father may not consider as ‘real work’ white collar jobs related to desk work, and working in comfortable or plush environments. The contemporary mode of working at computer systems may seem to them merely as pleasant pastimes, not to be regarded as actual work. Rodrigues doubted his ability to understand real work because even if he worked in some kind of factory, like his father’s last job, it would be a different experience for him. His long years of education

Interpersonal communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Interpersonal communication - Essay Example However, the scenario has changed rapidly during the last four decades and communication has emerged as one of the key factors whether in a group of people or between two individuals. Since interpersonal communication is an unending process (West and Turner 10), the changes that are noticed in this type of communication are obvious. In short, it is extremely difficult to define what interpersonal communication is, simply because it cannot be bound within a restricted area. Thus, the changes that it has picked in various stages of evolution have become an intrinsic part of the same. Communication is a broad term in itself that incorporates several nuances. As a matter of fact, the factors that affect interpersonal communication require more focus in order to understand and draw conjectures. For instance, Judee Burgoon’s Expectancy Violation Theory is a significant milestone that illustrates non verbal communication in various ways. This theory that demonstrates how non verbal communication comes under the influence of expectations is worth appreciating. The significance of this theory lies to the extent and capacity in which it depicts non verbal communicat ion such as body language and eye contact. Interpersonal communication is intertwined with our daily lives and there is hardly a moment that does not reflect various aspects of this communication, which is substantiated by Turner and West: â€Å"Each day we perform one of the most ancient of all behaviors: interpersonal communication. We head off to work and greet people on the bus, in the office, in the carpool or on the street. We talk to our roommates and discuss last night’s party over breakfast. Or we wake up and soon find ourselves in the middle of a heated exchange with a family member about dirty dishes. Although each of these situations differs, they all underscore the pervasiveness of interpersonal communication in our lives†

Business Management Affairs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Management Affairs - Coursework Example 95). This element was developed from decisions made by judges in various cases. A duty of care involves taking reasonable care to prevent acts or omissions which are more likely to injure the involved parties. It requires a person to be prudent, cautious, attentive and careful when acting toward others. In other words, one should meet the standard of care in their actions to wards others. a. Foresee ability: This is whether the consequences are reasonably foreseeable. For example in the case of Kent v Griffiths (2000) the damages was held to reasonably foreseeable. In Topp v London Country Bus Ltd (1993), there was no foresee ability. b. Proximity: This involves the closeness between parties which can be either physically or legal relationships. In the case of Home Office v Dorset Yatch Club (1970), it was held that there was proximity. There was no proximity in the case of Caporo v Dickman (1990). c. Fair, just and reasonable: This determines whether it is fair, reasonable or just to apply duty of care. In the case of Hill v C.C of W. Yorkshire (1988), it was held not to be fair, reasonable and just. However a duty of care was applied on the fire brigade in the case of Capital v Hampshire County Council (1997). Breach of duty is when the defendant fails to meet the expected standard as determined by the law. If the claimant proved that the defendant owed him a duty of care he should further show that the there was a breach of duty by the defendant. Breach of duty is determined by the degree of risk involved and the seriousness of the harm which can be measured objectively. Where the harm has several possible causes, the claimant should prove beyond reasonable doubt that the negligence of the defendant was the main cause. This test is well demonstrated by the case of Wilsher v Essex AHA (1988). With a weakness of particular harm, the defendant will be held responsible as illustrated in the case of Smith v Leech

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 73

Essay Example Throughout my time at Sadiq public school, I participated in all national Pakistani bilingual debates. I won an award for being the second best English debater nationally and later on I was elected as president of the debating society. After my school life in Pakistan, I came to England to pursue higher education. For my first year I studied at the University of Bedfordshire; I transferred to the University of Hull for my second year and completed my undergraduate study with a BA (Hons) in business and management. While I was studying, I have gained much work experience at a shipping company, Pakistan International Container Terminal. I received an internship and worked there over the summer ofth to August 17th 2011. In the summer of 2012, I did another internship, but this time at Premier Mercantile ServicesJune 16th to Aug 18th.. This internship entailed business development and management. During my university life in Britain, I have represented my university for squash in competi ng with other universities and also acted as the president of the squash society. university for squash competition, competing with other universities. The reason I chose to study MSC Management and Entrepreneurship was to understand strategic marketing management and entrepreneurship. I also studied global entrepreneurship. The reason why I wanted to study this course was because I have connections with many family businesses back in Pakistan that are related to shipping, logistics, and agriculture. For the future, I am looking to expand my family’s logistic company to Dubai. In terms of the agricultural business, I am looking at selling organic milk in Pakistan. Also, I want to manufacture cheese and export to countries in Europe and in the Gulf. My family businesses are currently supplying cow meat to Gulf countries, but I am looking to export on a larger

The Movement of people Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Movement of people Migration - Essay Example (Cohen 1997) Though the African contribution to America's exponential explosion of multiculturalism may be little known, the recent expansion of social variety in America is widely acknowledged. The United States and New York City are the principal destinations of recent documented and undocumented African immigrants. As far as new groups of recent immigrants have settled communities, many urban, suburban, and even rural areas have become "unexpectedly" varied and diverse. The appearance of differences has undermined the myth about American "melting pot". It has made, for some Americans, the specter of new immigration a bitter political issue of national scope. It was also obvious that the new immigration has raised much political debate in local contexts. (Global diasporas: An introduction 1997) Attracted by the global lights of the United States of America, many African immigrants came to New York in order not to settle, but to earn as much money as possible. And then they were going to return home. And, of course, they faced a great number of problems. After arrival they soon pointed out that their bad English, limited technological knowledge, and shadowy immigration status made working in the sphere of economy practically impossible. Having faced this brute reality, they entered the informal economy, as a result of which many of them became street vendors. It is a matter of fact that the community of African immigrants in America is profoundly fluid. Many of the men who migrated to America in the early 1990s have returned home. (Salzman 1996) Only few of the African immigrants aspire to American citizenship. They also feel practically no social connection to the communities they live in. As a result they contribute little to community life. The sociocultural, legal, and political tensions of living in the United States have also deepened negative impressions that many Africans hold of American society. Many African immigrants identify America as a violent, insensitive, time-constrained place in which morally exhausted people have no time to visit one another. To buffer themselves from social deprivation and cultural isolation, Africans have formed informal credit groups or more formal mutual assistance groups like the Guinean Association of America African immigrants in American have little social stability and few formal institutions. (Foner 2001) African immigrants also have to confront and resolve medical problems, regulatory dilemmas, and cultural alienation. These problems are inextricably linked. For the great majority of African immigrants, evasion of public hospitals doesn't mean that they distrust Western medicine. They are frightened with the INS. Although the great majority of African immigrants in the United States express intense approval for the economic opportunities they enjoy and exploit in the United States, they consistently complain of loneliness, sociocultural isolation, and alienation from mainstream American social customs. These conditions, which lead to a decreased sense of control over one's life, have had an influence on the subjective well-being of